Concordance
(Agreement) adalah persesuaian antara subjek dengan predikatnya.
Contoh:
- Alex
works hard every day. (work harus ditambah “s” karena subjeknya orang
ketiga tunggal - Alex).
- This
ruler is long. (is menunjukkan subjek tunggal).
- The
boy was very exhausted.
- She
has written a letter today.
Beberapa Kaidah Dalam Agreements
A. Agreement Antara Subjek dan Kata
Kerjanya
Apabila
subjek-nya plural (jamak), maka kata kerjanya harus juga plural.
- They are very happy today.
- The boys often come late on Mondays.
- We have studied hard to pass the exam.
Apabila
subjeknya singular (tunggal), maka kata kerjanya harus juga singular.
- He learns French every day.
- A car has been stolen.
- He is very happy.
Apabila dua
subjek atau lebih dihubungkan dengan "and", maka kata kerjanya harus
plural.
- The president and the prime minister are having a
meeting now.
- Jack and Henry usually go to school by bus.
- My brother and I take a final exam.
- My parents were at your house yesterday.
Apabila dua
kata benda yang berfungsi sebagai subjek dihubungkan dengan "and",
dan menunjukkan singular person atau membentuk sebuah kesatuan makna, maka
subjek tersebut berarti singular; oleh karena itu kata kerjanya harus juga
singular.
- Thruth and honesty is the best policy.
- The poet and statesman is coming here.
Catatan:
Apabila sebelum
"statesmen" ada "the", maka berarti plural, oleh
karena itu kata kerjanya harus plural yaitu "are". Jadi,
- The poet and the statesman are coming here.
- Bread and butter is served for our breakfast.
- The stars and stripes flies overhead.
Apabila
subjek adalah Collective Noun, singular dalam bentuknya, tetapi yang
dimaksudkan plural, maka verb-nya harus juga plural, dan sebaliknya jika yang
dimaksudkan singular maka verb-nya harus juga singular.
Beberapa contoh Collective Noun:
- congress, family, group, class, organization, team,
army, committee, government, jury, club, public, dll
Contoh:
- The committee were unable to agree. (Maksud dari
kalimat ini berarti untuk masing-masing anggota, maka kata kerjanya harus
jamak).
- The soccer team wins the tournament. (Subjek kalimat
ini menjadi satu kesatuan makna, bukan perseorangan, maka kata kerjanya
harus tunggal).
- The family have to give their vote. (jamak)
- The jury agrees on a verdict. (tunggal)
Apabila dua
atau lebih subjek kalimat yang tunggal digabungkan dengan:
- either ... or
- neither ... nor
- not only ... but also
Maka verb-nya menyesuaikan dengan
subjek yang disebut di akhir, bukan di awal.
Contoh:
- Neither John nor his friends are going to the
beach.
- Either John or his friends are very busy today.
- Not only Robert but also my parents are in the
office.
- Neither my brothers nor Bob is going to class
today.
- Either my parents or his friend is busy today.
- Not only my friends but also my cousin is in the
office.
Apabila kita
menjumpai frasa atau kalimat yang diapit oleh "koma, maka anggap saja
frasa atau kalimat itu tidak ada dan tidak mempengaruhi kata kerja sesudahnya.
- of - together with - from - accompanied by - with - in
addition to - between - along with - among - as well as - including
Contoh:
- Bambang, as well as his two cousin, calls
me every day. (as well as his two cousin dianggap tidak ada). Jadi
sepertinya kalimat aslinya adalah : Bambang calls me every day.
- My two aunts, along with their cat, visit
me on Sunday. (=My two aunts visit me on Sunday)
- New York, together with 47 other
states, votes for president. (= New York votes for president)
- Mr. Hunt, accompanied by his wife and
children, is arriving tonight. (=Mr Huntn is arriving tonight)
Apabila
Indefinite Pronouns berikut ini menjadi subjek, maka verb-nya selalu singular.
- each - somebody - anything - everybody - someone -
everything - everyone - no one - another - anyone - nothing - either -
anybody - much - neither - dll.
Contoh:
- Each (of the men) was irrited with his work.
- Everybody here knows the importance of English.
- Nobody works harder than John does.
- Either is likely to be fired.
- Either of the available seats is very close to the
stage.
Apabila
Pronouns berikut ini menjadi subjek, maka verb-nya harus selalu dalam bentuk
plural.
- both - few - many - others - several
Contoh:
- Several were present at the meeting but few spoke.
- Many people write a good novel.
- Others have tried this lock but no one has succeeded.
- Many are calleA but few are chosen.
- Both were anxious to receive the award.
Apabila
Collective Noun yang menunjukkan waktu, uang, ukuran, dan lain-lain dianggap
sebagai satu kesatuan, maka predikatnya (verb) selalu singular, tetapi bila
dipandang sebagai unit-unit yang terpisah, maka predikatnya (verb) harus
plural.
Contoh:
- Seven years is along time for famine. (singular)
- Two mile is too much to run in one day. (singular)
- Three days is not enough to complete the project.
(singular)
- These last three weeks have been full of surprise.
(plural)
- There are fifty one bills in this envelope. (plural)
- Ninety people are registered for this course. (plural)
Apabila
Indefinite Pronouns berikut ini menjadi subjek, maka verb-nya dapat dalam
bentuk singular atau plural, tergantung dari kata benda yang terletak sesudah
"of".
- all - none - enough - most - a lot - any - some - more -
part
|
most of the
|
+
|
Plural
Countable Nouns
|
+
|
Plural Verbs
|
|
some of the
|
|
part of the
|
|
all of the
|
Contoh:
- Half of the pies are left.
- Part of the books are interesting.
- Are all of the bales of cotton ready to be shipped?
- All of the women have brought gifts.
|
most of the
|
+
|
Singular
Uncountable Nouns
|
+
|
Singular Verbs
|
|
some of the
|
|
part of the
|
|
all of the
|
Contoh:
- All of the gasoline has been sold.
- Half of the pie is left.
- Part of the book was interesting.
- Most of the money was saved.
Keterangan:
None dan No : Dapat diikuti oleh
singular atau plural, tergantung pada noun yang mengikutinya.
- None of the conterfeit money has been found.
- None of the students have finished the exam yet.
- No example is difficult for you.
- No teachers go on strike.
"a
number of + Plural Nouns + Singular Verbs" dan "the number of +
Plural Nouns + Plural Verbs"
Contoh:
- The number of people in the room is ninety-two.
- A number of people have enrolled this course.
- A large number of applicants are already here.
- The number of days in a week is seven.
Apabila
kata-kata berikut ini menjadi subjek, maka verb-nya selalu tunggal.
- clothing - economics -
equipment - scenery - mumps - news - Philippines - furniture - behaviour -
knowledge - traffic - ethics - civics - athletics - dll
Contoh:
- The news is important.
- Economics was widely used.
- Knowledge is power.
- Statistics was my favorite subject in college.
Apabila
kata-kata (noun) berikut ini menjadi subjek, maka verb-nya selalu dalam bentuk
plural.
- belongings - proceeds - tactics - clothes - remains -
thanks - goods - riches - wages
- pants - scissors - trousers -
pliers - suds - tongs - shorts - jeans - glasses
Contoh:
- These scissors cut through heavy cardboard.
- Tim's clothes are on the bed; his pants, however, are in
the closet.
- My new pliers grip firmly.
- The tactics she employed were highly effective.
Gunakan "a pair of"
(sepasang), untuk mengubah kata-kata di atas menjadi Singular.
Contoh:
- A pair of pants is in the drawer.
- The pair of pliers was on the table.
- This pair of scissors is dull.
Beberapa
Noun berikut ini digunakan untuk menunjukkan group/kelompok hewan tertentu yang
mempunyai kesamaan dalam jenisnya, sehingga dianggap singular, maka verb-nya
harus singular.
- flock of birds, sheep school of
fish, herd of cattle, pack of dogs, pride of lions, troop of lions, dll.
Contoh:
- The herd of cattle is breaking away.
- The school of fish is being attached by sharks.
- The flock of birds is circling overhead.
Apabila
"every", "many a" dan "each" digunakan sebelum
subjek, maka verb-nya selalu singular.
Contoh:
- Every boy and girl on the team is a top student.
- Many a worker looks forward to the weekend.
- Each window and door was locked securely.
Apabila
sebuah kalimat dimulai dengan gerund (verb + ing), maka verb-nya selalu
singular.
Contoh:
- Not studying has caused him many problem.
- Writting many letters makes he happy.
- Dancing is very pupular today.
"Here"
dan "There" bukan tergolong subjek. subjek kalimat yang diawali
dengan "here" dan "there" terletak sesudah verb-nya, maka
verb-nya harus menyesuaikan dengan subjek yang ada.
Contoh:
- Here is your book.
- Here are your books.
- There has been an increase in the import of foreign
cars.
- There are soldiers in the battle field.
Kata benda
berikut ini berasal dari bahasa Latin dan dalam bentuk plural, maka verb-nya
selalu plural.
- alumni - larvae - radii - criteria - alumnae - minutiae
- stimuli - data - agenda - phenomena - synopses - vertebrae
Contoh:
- Your criteria are valid for judging these data.
- The alumni of Oxford University come to the meeting.
Bila suatu
bilangan pecahan atau persentase digunakan sebagai subjek, maka verbnya dapat
berbentuk singular atau plural, tergantung pada kata benda yang terletak
sesudah "of".
Contoh:
- Two-fifths of our profits go to reinvestment.
- Three-fourths of the house is now ready.
- Fifty percent of his crop is soy beans.
- Twenty-five percent of the students work after school.
Bila subjek
kalimat berupa judul buku, artikel, film, drama dan lain-lain, dan nama
perusahaan, negara Berta organisasi, maka predikat (verb-nya) selalu singular
meskipun kelihatannya subjek itu plural.
Contoh:
- The immigrants is a fine Bergman film.
- The Netherlands is located in Western Europe.
- Passages, by Gail Sheeky, won the best seller list for
months.
- General Motors Company has declared a deviden.
- The Girl Scouts has its headquaters near my office.
Bila subjek
berupa Frasa Kata Depan, maka predikatnya menyesuaikan dengan kata yang
terletak sebelum "of".
Contoh:
- The study of languages is very interesting.
- Several theories on this subject have been proposed.
- The view of these disciplines varies from time to time.
- The danger of forest fires is not to be taken lightly.
- The effects of that crimes are likely to be devastating.
- The cost of new houses is rising every day.
Bila subjek
kalimatnya berupa kata sifat yang ditambah dengan "the", maka
predikat (verb)-nya selalu dalam bentuk plural.
Contoh:
- The unemployed are losing hope.
- The poor are trying to find the aid.
- The rich have collected money for the blind.
B. Agreement
Antara Pronoun dan Antecedent
Antecedent adalah kata yang diacu (tempat
kembali) atau ditunjuk oleh pronoun (kata ganti).
a. Agreement
in Number
Jika antecedent-nya singular, maka
pronoun-nya harus juga singular, dan sebaliknya, jika antecedent plural maka pronounnya
harus plural.
- The men bred their white cat.
- Each roan gets to heaven in his way.
- The jury were divided. They were unable to bring a
verdict.
b. Agreement
in Gender
Pronoun – personal pronoun harus
sesuai dalam gender (masculine, feminine, neuter, common) dengan
antecedent-nya.
- The man has done his duty.
- The woman has finished her homework.
- The child has finished its duty.
- The cat ate its meal.
c. Agreement
in Person
Pronoun harus sesuai dalam person
-(orang pertama, orang kedua, atau orang ketiga) dengan antecedent-nya.
- We are not teachers, but we must teach our children
discipline.
- Some students study hard because they want to pass the
final exam.
- When one pays attention, he (or one) learns better.
- The leader expects every man to do his duty.
Catatan:
- Apabila dua antecedent atau lebih, dihubungkan dengan
and, maka harus ditunjukkan dengan plural noun.
- John and Mary did their work.
- The beautiful and the damned
have their place in fiction.
- Udin and Amir have just mowed
their lawn.
- The boys and girls asked us to
repeat what we'd said to them.
- Apabila indefinite pronoun digunakan sebagai antecedent,
maka pronoun-nya harus sesuai dalam number.
- Indefinite pronoun berikut ini
adalah singular, maka jika digunakan sebagai antecedent, mereka memerlukan
singular pronoun.
another -
either - much - one - anybody - everybody - neither - somebody - anyone -
everyone - nobody - someone - anything - everything - no one - something - each
- it - nothing
o
Each of the
boys did his home work.
o
The school
will accept anyone if he/she seems worthy
o
Neither of
our products is selling at its best.
o
Each of us
knows his/her social security number.
o
Someone left
his coat in his locker.
o
One likes to
do what he or she can do well
- Indefinite pronoun berikut ini
adalah plural, maka jika digunakan sebagai antecedent, mereka memerlukan
plural pronoun.
both - few -
many - others - several
o
Many people
enjoy their vacation in Bali.
o
Both of the
applicants are worthy, at least on their resumes.
o
Few can
remember when they were two years old.
o
Several
found their cars unlocked.
o
Others found
their friend in the Balcon
- Indefinite pronoun berikut ini
bila digunakan sebagai antecedent, mungkin dapat berarti singular atau
plural tergantung pads arti yang dimaksudkan, maka pronoun-nya hares
sesuai dengan arti yang dimaksudkan.
all - any -
more - most - none - some
o
Are any of
them here today? (plural)
o
All in the
crowd cheered their approval. (plural)
o
All the
money is in its proper place. (singular)
o
Some of the
candy has lost its flavor. (singular)
- Apabila collective noun menjadi antecedent, maka
ditunjukkan dengan singular pronoun, jika yang dimaksudkan singular, dan
ditunjukkan dengan plural noun, jika yang dimaksudkan plural.
audience - couple - family - public
- class - crowd - government - jury - committee - group - team - army - dll.
·
The Jury
gave its verdict. (singular)
·
The Jury
gave their verdict. (plural, berarti masing-masing anggota dari tim jury
tersebut).
·
An army
marches against its enemy. (singular)
·
The
committee meets for its final session next week. (singular)
·
The
committee are arguing among themselves. (plural)
Catatan:
Dalam American English lebih Bering
menggunakan singular verb untuk collective noun tersebut di atas, sedangkan
dalam British English sebaliknya.
(AE) The government is planning many changes. (BE) The government are planning
many changes.
- Apabila salah satu antecedent dihubungkan dengan:
either ... or - neither ... nor - or
- nor
maka:
·
Bila
antecedent yang terdekat dengan verb adalah singular, maka pronoun-nya juga
singular.
o
Neither Ali
nor Fatimah has just mowed her lawn.
o
Either my
brother or John has taken his exam.
·
Bila
antecedent yang terdekat dengan verb adalah plural, maka pronoun-nya juga
plural.
o
Neither Ali
nor Fatimah's children have just mowed their lawn.
o
Either Udin
or his sisters will get their wish.
o
Neither John
nor my brothers have taken their exam.
- Apabila kita ingin menentukan antecedent yang
sesungguhnya dalam sebuah kalimat yang ada kata-kata (phrase, appositive
atau clause), maka kita tidak usah memperhatikan kata-kata tersebut.
Anggaplah phrase atau appositive tersebut tidak ada.
- Mary, along with the two
others, studied her piano lesson.
- Amir, and not his nephews, is
on his way here now.
- Each of our nearest neighbors
has a van in his driveway.
- Jalal, our regional director
of Wijaya kontraktor, has his office in Yogyakarta.
- subjek dari relative clause: who, which atau that, dapat
berbentuk plural atau singular tergantung pads antecedent-nya.
- The people elect their
representatives who speak for them in Congress.
- Umar is one of my friends who
are helping me paint my house.
- Umar is the only one of my
friends who is helping me paint my house.
- Siti Nurbaya is one of the most
interesting books that have ever been written.
C. Adjective
— Pronoun Agreements
Demonstrative adjectives yang
singular (this, that) dan yang plural (these, those) harus sesuai dalam number
(jumlah) dengan noun (kata bends) yang mereka jelaskan (batasi).
- This dan That adalah singular, maka hanya digunakan
bersama dengan singular noun.
- These dan Those adalah plural, maka hanya digunakan
bersama dengan plural noun.
Contoh:
- This type of potato is native to Sumbawa.
- These type of potatoes are native to Sumbawa.
- Budi never buys this brand of canned goods.
