Period

PERIOD (TITIK)

---

Tanda Titik berada di akhir kalimat deklaratif, permintaan atau perintah yang ringan/lemah.

• His name is Alexander.
• Please be sure to tell her that I am coming.

Titik juga berada pada akhir kebanyakan singkatan. Jika sebuah kalimat diakhiri dengan sebuah singkatan, tidak perlu penambahan titik di akhirnya. Namun jika kalimat tersebut diakhiri dengan sebuah tanda tanya atau tanda seru, maka tambahkan titik di akhirnya.

• Please make the check out to Roland N. Payne, D.D.S.. (SALAH - cukup satu titik di bagian akhir)
• Please make the check out to Roland N. Payne, D.D.S. (BENAR)
• Do I make the check out to Roland N. Payne, D.D.S.? (BENAR)

Titik diletakkan setelah nomor dan huruf pada susunan karya ilmiah.

I. Punctuation
	A. Periods
		1. End sentences 2. Abbreviations 3. Outlines

Titik selalu diletakkan sebelum tanda petik.

• George said, "I don't get it". (SALAH)
• George said, "I don't get it." (BENAR)

---

QUESTION MARK (TANDA TANYA)

---

"Tanda Tanya" berada di akhir kalimat tanya termasuk juga kalimat tanya tak sempurna.

• What is your name?
• Really? When? No kidding?
• Your name is Fred?

Jangan gunakan "Tanda Tanya" untuk Pertanyaan Tak Langsung.

• He asked if he could leave early? (SALAH)
• He asked if he could leave early.(BENAR)
• He asked, "May I leave early?" (BENAR)

Gunakan "Tanda Tanya" dalam tanda kurung sebagai bentuk ketidakpastian.

• His great-great-grandfather (Nelson Bridger?) supposedly fought in the Black Hawk War.
• Chaucer was born in 1343 (?).

(Catatan: Contoh kalimat kedua, tanda tanya bukan untuk mengakhiri kalimat tersebut, maka diperlukan tanda titik)

---

EXCLAMATION POINT (TANDA SERU)

---

"Tanda Seru" diletakkan di akhir kalimat seru atau kalimat perintah.

• The rain did not stop for four days!
• Be back at ten o'clock or else!
• Wow!

Ketika kalimat seru berada di awal kalimat, kita boleh menggunakan "Tanda Seru" atau "Koma", tergantung pada penekanan yang ingin kita buat. Perhatikan contoh di bawah ini. Semua kalimat tersebut boleh dan benar dalam kaidah Bahasa Inggris.

• No, I don't want to go there.
• No, I don't want to go there!
• No! I don't want to go there!

Namun, kita harus berhati-hati sebab terlalu banyak menggunakan "Tanda Seru" akan mengurangi makna kalimat tersebut.

Gunakan "Tanda Seru" di dalam kurung untuk menunjukkan suatu ironi.

• OK, informal: That butcher (!) is a vegetarian.

---

COMMAS (KOMA)

---

"Koma" paling banyak digunakan dalam 3 aturan, yaitu:

1. Letakkan "Koma" sebelum Coordinating Conjunction untuk memisahkan 2 kalimat.
2. Letakkan "Koma" setelah Kata, frase, atau klausa pengantar.
3. Gunakan "Koma" untuk memotong sebuah informasi dalam sebuah kalimat.

---

"Koma" Dalam Kalimat Majemuk

Use a comma to separate independent clauses in a compound sentence when they are separated by a conjunction.
The comma goes after the first clause and before the coordinating conjunction that separates the clauses.

Make sure they are independent clauses and not some other construction where commas are not required.

Benar: We washed the dog, and then we cleaned up the mess that he made.

(This contains two independent clauses with their own subject and verb: We washed and we cleaned. The third clause, that he made, is a subordinate clause, so the rule does not apply.)

Salah: We washed the dog, and then cleaned up his mess.

(There is only one subject. This is a single clause, not two independent clauses. The subject we has a compound verb.)
Benar: We washed the dog and then cleaned up his mess.

---

"Koma" Dalam Sebuah Susunan Serial

Use commas to separate three or more words, phrases, or clauses in a series.
A conjunction goes between the last two items of the series.
While some authorities say that the comma before the conjunction is optional, leaving it out may cause confusion, so it is better to include it.

Words: Use commas to separate three or more words, phrases, or clauses.

Phrases: This morning I woke up, got dressed, brushed my teeth, and ate breakfast.

Clauses: In fact, the bus was full of people who got dressed, who brushed their teeth, and who ate breakfast this morning.

Salah: The street was filled with angry protestors, shouting spectators and police.
(Leaving out the last comma makes it look like the police were shouting, too.)

Benar: The street was filled with angry protestors, shouting spectators, and police.
(Makes it clearer.)

---

"Koma" dengan Kata Sifat Berpasangan

Coordinate Adjectives
If two adjectives modify a noun in the same way, place a comma between the two adjectives. These are called coordinate adjectives.
There is a two-part test for coordinate adjectives:
(1) Can you replace the comma with the word and?
(2) Can you reverse the order of the adjectives and keep the same meaning?
If you can do both, then you have coordinate adjectives. Benar: Did you read about Macomber's short, happy life?

Test for Benarness: Did you read about Macomber's short and happy life?
Did you read about Macomber's happy, short life?

(All three sentences say the same thing, so the adjectives are coordinate adjectives and separated by commas in the original.)

Cumulative Adjectives
If the paired adjectives fail the two-part test, then no comma is used. This shows that they must remain in a certain order to make sense. These are called cumulative adjectives.

Salah: The former, overweight woman told us how she lost fifty-five pounds.

Test for Benarness: The former and overweight woman...
(Makes no sense)
The overweight, former woman...
(A former woman? At best the meaning is changed.)

Clearly, no comma is needed for these cumulative adjectives.
Benar: The former overweight woman told us how she lost fifty-five pounds.

A device to help remember this punctuation rule is to keep in mind a common expression like Christmas tree or fire truck. We say, "green Christmas tree," but not "Christmas green tree." We say, "red fire truck," but not "fire red truck." Such cumulative expressions take no comma.

---

"Koma" dan Kata atau Frase Pengantar

Commas are used to set off certain items that often begin a sentence and have no grammatical connection with the rest of the sentence. These items include certain common expressions, unemphatic interjections, and direct addresses.
Common Expression: But of course, we have mustard in the car.

Unemphatic Interjection: Yes, we have no bananas.
Direct Address: Robert, please hand the man some mustard.

All three of these items are set off by commas no matter where they appear in the sentence. If they are not used at the beginning, the sentence often sounds more awkward.
Benar: Please, Robert, hand the gentleman some mustard.

Benar: We have mustard in our car, of course.

Introductory adverbs are normally set off by a comma unless they are followed directly by the word they modify.
Benar: Clearly, one and one make two.
Salah: Clearly, mistaken was the witness.

(Clearly modifies mistaken which directly follows it because of a change in the word order.)

Benar: Clearly mistaken was the witness.

---

"Koma" Setelah Frase Pengantar

Prepositional Phrases
Use a comma to separate a group of prepositional phrases of more than four words when the phrases come at the beginning of a sentence.
Do not use a comma between separate phrases unless they are in a series.
A comma may also set off a single prepositional phrase at the beginning to make the sentence clear. A comma is recommended after any introductory prepositional phrase of more than four words.
Benar: Under the kitchen table the dog cowered.

(Single short, clear phrase. No comma needed.)

Benar: Under the spreading chestnut tree, the village smithy stands.
(Comma optional, but helpful due to length of phrase)

Benar: Under the pile of clothes, we found his wallet.

(Two prepositional phrases, not in a series)

Salah: On the sand, of the beach, by the inlet, we relaxed in the sun.
(Do not separate the phrases since they are not in a series.)

Benar: On the sand of the beach by the inlet, we relaxed in the sun.

Benar: Over hill, over dale, we hit the dusty trail.

(The two phrases are in series here.)

Introductory Participial and Infinitive Phrases
Use a comma to separate introductory participial phrases and infinitive phrases used as modifiers.
Benar: Looking for help, the man fell on his knees to beg. (Participial phrase)

Benar: To raise enough money in time, Mary had to issue stock in her business.
(The infinitive phrase is used as a modifier)

Salah: To ski, is exhilarating.

(The infinitive is used as a noun, not a modifier.)

Benar: To ski is exhilarating.

---

"Koma" Setelah Kalusa Pengantar

Place a comma after an introductory adverb clause.
An adverb clause shows time, place, degree, extent, cause, or condition. It is a subordinate clause which begins with a subordinating conjunction.
Benar: Before the curtain fell, the actors bowed.
Benar: If the next two nights are sellouts, the play will be extended.

Note that if a sentence ends with an adverb clause, no comma is used. The subordinating conjunction is enough of a separation.
Salah: The play's run will be extended, if the next two nights are sellouts.

(No comma needed with adverb clause at end of sentence.)
Benar: The play's run will be extended if the next two nights are sellouts.

Commas with Interrupting and Parenthetical Expressions
In addition to the items covered in Commas with Introductory Words, conjunctive adverbs are also set off by commas.
Conjunctive Adverbs are adverbs which join sentence parts. The following words are the most common conjunctive adverbs:

also besides furthermore however indeed instead moreover nevertheless otherwise therefore thus

Benar: John headed this way; however, he did not see me.
Benar: John headed this way; he did not see me, however.

Some adverbs which are used conjunctively may at times be used as a simple adverb. They are only set off by commas when used conjunctively or when some other comma rule applies.
Benar: John saw Kate; also, he saw Jean.

(Also here is joining the sentence parts.)

Salah: John saw Kate; he, also, saw Jean.

(Also here is simply modifying saw.)

Benar: John saw Kate; he also saw Jean.

Commas also set off contrasting expressions beginning with not.
Benar: I wanted this one, not that one.
Benar: We went to New Hampshire, not New Jersey, for our vacation.

---

"Koma" Dengan Nonrestrictive Modifiers

A modifying word, phrase, or clause following a noun is set off by commas if it presents information which is not essential to identify the noun or the meaning of the sentence.
This is called a nonrestrictive modifier, i.e., it does not restrict the meaning of the noun or sentence.
Example: Any student not sitting down will get detention.

(This takes no comma because the phrase not sitting down is necessary to identify the noun. Remove it, and you get something very different.)
Any student will get a detention.

Example: Marcia Gomes, who was not sitting down, just got a detention.

(Here the person is named specifically. We know whom the sentence is about. The clause who was not sitting down does add information, but it is not necessary to identify the noun it modifies. Drop the clause and we still know who got the punishment.)
Marcia Gomes just got a detention.

Sometimes, the punctuation may depend on the situation. For example, if I have just one sister, or the reader already knows whom I am talking about, this sentence is Benar:

My sister, Martha, is a nurse. However, if I have more than one sister and it is not otherwise clear whom I am talking about, her name is essential to identify the sister.

My sister Martha is a nurse. Or perhaps to make it clearer:

My sister Martha is a nurse; my sister Marianne is a teacher.

---

"Koma" Dengan Nama Geografis

When a geographical name or location has two or more parts to it, use a comma after each different type of part. A second comma follows the last item, unless it comes at the end of the sentence.
Salah: I meant Pittsburg Kansas instead of Pittsburgh Pennsylvania.
(Commas needed to separate city and state)

Salah: I meant Pittsburg, Kansas instead of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
(Comma needed after last item, Kansas)

Benar: I meant Pittsburg, Kansas, instead of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

If the parts are joined by a preposition, no comma is needed.

Salah: I meant Pittsburg, in Kansas, instead of

Pittsburgh, in Pennsylvania.

Benar: I meant Pittsburg in Kansas instead of

Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania.

---

"Koma" Dalam Tanggal

When a date is made up of two or more parts, use a comma to separate the parts when the parts both are words or both are numbers. A second comma follows the last item unless it is at the end of a list or sentence.
Salah: We will meet Friday July 15.

(Word Friday followed by another word, July--comma needed)

Benar: We will meet Friday, July 15.
Salah: October 31, 1517 is one of the most significant dates in history.
(The comma between the two numbers is OK, but a second comma is needed after the last item, 1517.)

Benar: October 31, 1517, is one of the most significant dates in history.

Salah: October, 1517, was a major month in history.

(No commas needed because word October is followed by a number, 1517.)

Benar: October 1517 was a major month in history.

If the parts of the date are connected by a preposition, no comma is needed.
Salah: On a Sunday, in December 1941, the U.S. found itself in World War II.
(No comma needed since the preposition in is there.)

Benar: On a Sunday in December 1941, the U.S. found itself in World War II.

---

"Koma" Dengan Gelar

Each title that follows a name is set off by commas.
Salah: Kenneth Griffey Jr. could have broken Maris' record.

Benar: Kenneth Griffey, Jr., could have broken Maris' record.

Benar, if pompous: The book was written by John Kenneth

Galbraith, A.B., M.A., Ph.D., D.Sc., Litt.D.
(Note that each title is set off by commas.)

Numerical titles following a name are not set off by commas.
Salah: Aloysius Otto Culp, III, is better known as "Buzz."
Benar: Aloysius Otto Culp III is better known as "Buzz."

---

"Koma" Dalam Alamat

Use a comma to separate each part of an address that has two or more parts. This follows the same pattern as geographical names.
Commas are not needed if prepositions join the address parts.
Salah: Write me in care of Post Office Box 203 Shelton Connecticut 06484.
(Commas needed)

Benar: Write me in care of Post Office Box 203, Shelton, Connecticut 06484.
(Comma after state or province and before postal code is optional.)

If the address is on an envelope or is otherwise written out line by line, no comma is needed when a new line begins.
Salah: P.O. Box 203,
Shelton, Conn. 06484
(Comma after first line not necessary)

Benar: P.O. Box 203
Shelton, Conn. 06484

---

"Koma" Dalam Surat Resmi

Use commas after the salutation (also called the greeting) in a personal letter and after the complimentary closing in all letters.

Salutation: Dear Fred,

My dearest Emmeline,

Closing: Sincerely,

Truly yours,

---

"Koma" dan Nomor

In numbers of more than three digits, use a comma after every third digit from right to left.
Salah: The area of North America is approximately 9435000 square miles.

Benar: The area of North America is approximately 9,435,000 square miles.
(This is much easier to read.)

Numbers which normally do not take commas are ZIP codes, phone numbers, page numbers, serial numbers, house numbers, and dates of years.

Many European countries use a comma in place of the decimal point and use Tanda Titik or blank spaces to separate every third digit.
United States: 2,367.48 francs
France: 2.367,48 francs or 2 367,48 francs

---

"Koma" dengan Kata-kata Tertentu yang Dihilangkan

Words intentionally left out of clauses may be shown by a comma. A comma is used when the missing words are clearly understood.

Salah: George liked the color green; John red.

(Confusing)

Benar: George liked the color green; John, red.

(Now missing words are understood.)

---

"Koma" dan Tanda Seru

Commas are used to set off the "he said/she said" clause. The comma always goes before the quotation marks.
Salah: Henrietta asked "Do you want to go with me?"

(Comma must set off "she said" clause.)

Salah: Henrietta asked",Do you want to go with me?"

(Comma must go before quotation mark.)

Benar: Henrietta asked,"Do you want to go with me?"
Salah: "I will go with you",Jane replied.

(Comma must go before quotation mark.)

Benar: "I will go with you,"Jane replied.
Benar: "Anyway," she said, "I have to go."

(Note the pattern when the clause is in the middle.)

A comma is not used to set off a "he said/she said" clause if the part of the quotation preceding the clause ends with a question mark or exclamation point.
Salah: "Why did you do that?," he asked.

(Comma not necessary)

Benar: "Why did you do that?" he asked.
Benar: "Hey!" he screamed. "Come back here!"

(Note that the question mark or exclamation
point goes with the quotation, not with the "he said/she said" clause.)

Adding Commas for Clarity

Sometimes it is necessary to add a comma to make a sentence clear.

Unclear: In the kitchen cupboards were empty.

(Make it clear that the phrase is "in the kitchen,"
not "in the kitchen cupboards.")

Clear: In the kitchen, cupboards were empty.

Unclear: The room was full of crying babies and mothers.

(Were the mothers crying, too?)

Clear: The room was full of crying babies, and mothers.
Clear: The room was full of mothers and crying babies.

---

"Koma" dengan Kata Sifat yang Mengikuti Kata Benda

Sometimes for emphasis adjectives or paired adjectives follow the noun they modify. The adjective or adjective pair is then set off by commas.

Benar: The car, bright red, stood out in the parking lot.

The adjective pair, if coordinate adjectives, must use the word and to separate the two adjectives.

Benar: The dessert, sweet and rich, was delightful.

---

Kapan Kita Tidak Menggunakan "Koma"?

With Compound Verbs
Do not use a comma to separate the paired parts in paired compound subjects or compound verbs.
Salah: She lets me watch her mom, and pop fight.

(Compound subject. No need for comma with the word and already there.)

Benar: She lets me watch her mom and pop fight.
Salah: They would argue over money, and scream about his late nights.
(Compound verb. No need for comma to separate the words fight and scream.)

Benar: They would argue over money and scream about his late nights.

With Subordinate Clauses
Commas do not set off subordinate clauses unless some specific comma rule applies, namely they are clauses in a series, or the clauses are functioning as appositives, nonrestrictive modifiers, or introductory adverb clauses.
Salah: He told me that I had better come, so

that they would avoid trouble.
(Not a series. Not an appositive, nonrestrictive modifier, or introductory adverb clause.)

Benar: He told me that I had better come so that they would avoid trouble.

With Nouns and Modifying Adjectives
Do not use commas to separate a noun and its modifying adjectives when the adjectives come before the noun.
Salah: The bright red, car was a Corvette.
Benar: The bright red car was a Corvette.

---

SEMICOLONS AND COLONS (TITIK KOMA DAN TITIK DUA)

---

Semicolons and colons were originally used to designate pauses shorter than a period and longer than a comma. Now they are used to show certain grammatical relationships with the colon the more emphatic of the two.

Semicolons with Clauses

Semicolons are used to separate independent clauses in three different cases.

1. When there are no conjunctions separating the clauses.
Salah: I like you, John likes you, too.

(Semicolon needed)

Benar: I like you; John likes you, too.

2. When the clauses are separated by a conjunctive adverb or other parenthetical expression set off by commas.
Benar: I am crucified with Christ; nevertheless, I live.--Galatians 2:20.
(Nevertheless is a conjunctive adverb.)

Benar: Hector was a Trojan; Achilles, on the other hand, was an Achaean.

3. When the clauses themselves contain commas.
Salah: He wears shoes with kilties, a leather fringe, but I prefer penny loafers myself.
(Since clause already has comma, semicolon separating the clauses is needed to make sentence clear.)

Benar: He wears shoes with kilties, a leather fringe; but I prefer penny loafers myself.

---

"Titik Koma" Dalam Sebuah Susunan Berseri

When the items in a series themselves contain commas, separate the items with semicolons.

Salah: We visited Erie, Pennsylvania, Buffalo,

New York, and Toronto, Ontario.
(Confusing. Semicolons needed to make clear distinctions.)

Benar: We visited Erie, Pennsylvania; Buffalo, New York; and Toronto, Ontario.

---

"Titik Dua " Dengan Sebuah Daftar

Use a colon before a list when the list is preceded by a complete independent clause.
Never use a colon to separate a preposition from its objects or a verb from its complements.
Some form of the word follow usually indicates a colon before the list.
Benar: John has all the ingredients: minced clams, milk, potatoes, and onions.
(The list is preceded by a complete independent clause.)

Salah: For their anniversary they went to: Aruba, St. Martin, Jamaica, and the Bahamas.
(The colon separates the preposition to from its objects.)

Benar: For their anniversary they went to Aruba, St. Martin, Jamaica, and the Bahamas.
(No colon needed)

Salah: To make clam chowder you need: minced clams, milk, potatoes, and onions.
(The colon separates the verb need from its complements.)

Benar: To make clam chowder you need minced clams, milk, potatoes, and onions.
(No colon needed)

Either Salah sentence above could also be Benared by adding a form of the verb follow.
Benar: For their anniversary they went to the following places: Aruba, St. Martin, Jamaica, and the Bahamas.
(Now the word places is the object of the preposition to, and the colon follows a complete independent clause.)

Benar: To make clam chowder you need the following:

minced clams, milk, potatoes, and onions.
(Now the following is the object of the verb, and the list follows a complete clause.)

---

"Titik Dua "Sebelum Tanda Kutip

Colons introduce quotations that are formal or lengthy.

Benar: Dickens wrote: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times."
(Formal quotation)

Colons introduce quotations that do not begin with a "he said/she said" clause.

Benar: Alexandra took the microphone: "Your honor, I object."
(Clause preceding quotation does not have a verb which denotes speaking.)

In all cases, the colon precedes the quotation marks.

Colons Separating Independent Clauses

Colons may be used to separate independent clauses that are not separated by a conjunction or any other connecting word or phrase.

Semicolons are normally used, but the colon adds emphasis, especially if the first clause leads into the second clause or has a parallel construction.

The second clause begins with a capital letter.

Benar: Apples are not squeezed: Pomace is pressed.

Some authorities do not begin the second clause with a capital letter when the subject or point of view is the same in both clauses.

---

"Titik Dua " Dengan Formal Appositives

Use a colon instead of a comma to introduce an appositive at the end of a sentence for emphasis.
Appositives may be words, phrases, or clauses. If it is an independent clause, that clause begins with a capital letter.

Benar: He was watching his favorite type of television show: a baseball game.
(A comma is fine, but a colon here provides emphasis and/or formality.)

Benar: He learned a valuable lesson: Never argue with a woman.
(The appositive here is an independent clause, so it is capitalized. See Special Capitalizing Cases.)

---

"Titik Dua " - Pembahasan Khusus

There are half a dozen special uses for the colon.

1. Numerical expressions of time.
Example: 5:31 p.m.
The colon goes between the hour and minute. If seconds are noted, a colon goes between the minute and second.
Example: He ran the marathon in 2:14:33.2.

(Two hours, fourteen minutes, and thirty-three point two seconds.)

Example: He ran the mile in 4:12.

(Four minutes and twelve seconds)

2. Periodical references in a bibliography or formal reference.
This may vary slightly depending on the form followed. Most frequently the reference is Volume:Issue Number or Volume:Page Number.

3. Bible references, Chapter:Verse.
Example: John 3:16

("The book of John, chapter 3, verse 16.")

4. Subtitles for books, periodicals, and articles are preceded by a colon.
Example: Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ
See also Capitalizing Titles of Things.

5. Salutations in business letters are followed by a colon.
Example: Dear Sir:

Dear Ms. Hathaway:

See also Capitalizing in Letters, Commas in Letters, and the "Letter Writing" heading in the Grammar Contents.

6. Colons follow labels that identify important ideas meant to get attention.

Warning: To be opened by authorized personnel only.
Notice: Do not used before October 15.

This is actually the rule that Grammar Slammer follows for displaying "Benar," "Salah," and the like for pointing out its examples.

---

QUOTATION MARKS (TANDA PETIK)

---

Quotation marks normally come in pairs to set off a portion of text for a variety of purposes. Paired single quotation marks are sometimes used as well.

Quotations Marks in Direct Quotations

When a person or work is quoted directly and word for word, the quotation is placed in quotation marks.
An indirect quotation in which the substance but not exact wording is used does not take quotations marks.

Benar: Macbeth said, "All our yesterdays have lighted

fools the way to dusty death."
(A direct quotation)

Salah: Macbeth said that, "Their past actions lead fools

to death."
(Contains the substance, but not exact words.
Quotation marks are not used.)

Benar: Macbeth said that their past actions lead fools

to death.

Question Marks or Exclamation Points in Quotations

If a question or exclamation is quoted directly, the quotation contains the question mark or exclamation point.
If the question or exclamation is at the end of the quotation, the question mark or exclamation point comes before the closing quotation mark.
Salah: "Look at that"! he exclaimed. "Did you see

that"?

Benar: "Look at that!" he exclaimed. "Did you see that?"

(Question mark or exclamation point comes
before quotation mark.)

A question mark can be found outside the quotation mark if the sentence is asking about a quotation, but the quotation itself is not a question.
Salah: Did Mark Antony say, "Friends, Romans,

countrymen?"
(A question is not being quoted. The speaker
is asking about a quotation.)

Benar: Did Mark Antony say, "Friends, Romans,

countrymen"?

In the rare case where the question is about a quotation ending in a question, the sentence ends with a single question mark before the quotation mark.
Salah: Who said,"Et tu, Bruté?"?

(Second question mark redundant)

Benar: Who said,"Et tu, Bruté?"

Some authorities, especially in the British Isles, may use a period after a closing quotation mark when a quotation includes an exclamation point or question mark but the whole sentence containing the quotation is declarative.

Other Punctuation Marks with Quotation Marks

Always place a comma or period before beginning or ending quotation marks.
Salah: "Ned", he requested", please take this to

Mr. Green".

Benar: "Ned," he requested,"please take this to

Mr. Green."

Always place a colon or semicolon after ending quotation marks. (This is relatively rare.)
Benar: George claimed,"I have twenty points"; Bill said he only had twelve.

Quotation Marks in Dialogue

Begin a new paragraph with every change of speaker.
Salah: "Hello, Mary," Jeffrey stammered. "Hi,

Jeffrey, how are you?" "Uh, fine. What have you been doing lately?"

Benar: "Hello, Mary," Jeffrey stammered.

"Hi, Jeffrey, how are you?"
"Uh, fine. What have you been doing lately?"

For quotations longer than a single paragraph, put quotation marks at the beginning of each paragraph but only at the end of the final quoted word.
This is the only case in which an opening quotation mark may not have a matching closing quotation mark.
Example:

Carton continued: "I see that child who lay upon

her bosom and who bore my name, a man winning his way up in that path of life which once was mine. I see him winning it so well, that my name is made illustrious there by the bright light of his. I see the blots I threw upon it faded away. I see him, foremost of thee just judges and honored men, bringing a boy of my name, with a forehead that I know and golden hair, to this place--then fair to look upon, with not a trace of this day's disfigurement--and I hear him tell the child my story, with a tender and faltering voice.

"It is a far, far better thing that I do, than I

have ever done; it is a far, far better rest that I go to than I have ever known."

(Because the quotation is longer than a paragraph, note that the first paragraph has no closing quotation marks. Quotation marks do open the next paragraph to show that the quotation continues.)

Quotation Marks in Titles

Use quotation marks to set off the title of a short written work or parts of a longer work.
Short works include short stories, chapters from a book, one-act plays, short poems, essays, songs, and articles.
Parts of a longer work include episodes in a series, songs, parts of a longer music composition, or an item named as part of a collection.
Examples:

"The Highwayman" (poem)
"The Star-Spangled Banner" (song)
"The Dead" by James Joyce (short story)
"Dan Quayle Was Right" (article)
"The Dance of the Sugarplum Fairy" (part of longer work)

Quotation Marks with Slang

Nonstandard or unusual slang terms are normally put in quotation marks.

Keep in mind what is slang today may be widely used tomorrow. For example, when people first started getting arrested for using crack cocaine when it was a new product in the 1980's, news reports usually put the word "crack" in quotation marks. It was a slang term that many readers did not recognize. Now the term is widely used and the quotation marks are no longer used.

Example: He got in trouble with the gang for

"dropping dimes."
("Dropping dimes" is a slang term for informing.)

Definitions in Quotation Marks

Explicit definitions of words or terms are put in quotation marks.

Such definitions may or may not be direct quotations from a dictionary or similar source.
Definitions that follow such expressions as means, defines, or is defined as are normally put in quotation marks. This highlights or emphasizes the definition.
Definitions that follow the verb to be normally are not put in quotation marks since such definitions are seen as the same as a predicate nominative..

Examples: A kiltie is a fringed leather flap found

on some shoes.
(The verb to be is used.)
Kiltie means "a fringed leather flap found on some shoes."
Kiltie is defined as "a fringed leather flap found on some shoes."

Single Quotation Marks

Use single quotation marks for a quotation or title using quotation marks inside another quotation or title which uses quotation marks.
Salah: She asked, "How many of you have read

"The Lady of Shalott"?"
("The Lady of Shalott" is a poem. Same kind
of quotation mark confuses reader.)

Benar: She asked, "How many of you have read

'The Lady of Shalott'?"

For titles or quotations within quotations within quotations (and so ad infinitum), alternate double and single quotation marks.
Example: Helen said,"She asked us,'How many of you have read "The Lady of Shalott"?' I had."
(The most the author has seen is five levels of quotations in Lord Jim and Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad and The Metamorphoses by Ovid.)

Note: In the British Isles the use of the single and double quotation marks is reversed from the way they are used in the United States. There the normal quotations and short titles are within single quotation marks. Double quotation marks are used for titles or quotations within quotation marks.

---

DASHES AND PARENTHESES (TANDA HUBUNG DAN TANDA KURUNG)

---

Dashes and Parentheses are both used to show an interruption in thought or some kind of aside. Dashes are more emphatic. Parentheses are normally paired. Both should be used sparingly or they become a distraction. Parentheses also have a few special uses.

Dashes

A dash is a long horizontal mark twice the length of a hyphen. On most typewriters and computers dashes are represented by typing two hyphens.
Dashes are emphatic. They are nearly like emphatic parentheses.
To be effective, dashes, like exclamation points, should not be overused.

Dashes indicate an abrupt change of thought.
Sometimes they set off a clause or phrase for emphasis or dramatic effect.
Change of thought: I loved the dinner last night--have you

you ever been to Chez Louis?

Set off statement for emphasis: Punctuation marks can be

confusing--commas, dashes, hyphens, colons!

Dashes with Nonrestrictive Modifiers

Commas are normally used to set off nonrestrictive modifiers.
However, nonrestrictive modifiers can be set off by dashes for emphasis or if the modifiers contain commas or other punctuation that could confuse the reader.

Salah: Some expensive films, Heaven's Gate, for

example, have been big flops.
(Relationships not clear)

Benar: Some expensive films--Heaven's Gate, for

example--have been big flops.
(Modifier itself has a comma.)

Parentheses

Parentheses set off material not essential to the meaning of the text.
They are used for asides and explanations when the material is not essential or if it is made up of more than one sentence.
Parentheses may contain a complete sentence or sentences.
Example: He had to go through the usual process to get his bus driver's license (police and FBI check, reference check, motor vehicle check, written exam, mechanical test, and driving test).

(This could be set off by a colon for more emphasis since it is a list or by a dash for strong emphasis. But since the sentence says "the usual process," there is no need to emphasize anything.)

Parentheses with Certain Numbers or Letters

Parentheses are used around numbers showing dates (usually dates of birth and/or death), inserted figures, or numbers or letters in an itemized series (such as a series of steps).
Date: Joshua Chamberlain (1829-1914) received the

Congressional Medal of Honor for his role at Gettysburg.

Inserted figures: The Senate vote was very close (50-48).
Numbers in a series: To make New England Clam

Chowder get the following items: (1) quahogs, (2) cream, (3) potatoes, and (4) onions.

Letters in a series: What was Hamlet's mother's name?

(a) Ophelia (b) Beatrice (c) Gertrude
(d) Helena

A single closing parenthesis follows the number or letter in specific divisions of a formal outline.
Example:

I. Grammar

A. Punctuation

1. Parentheses

a. Parentheses with interrupting elements
b. Parentheses with certain numbers or letters

1) Dates
2) Inserted figures
3) Itemized series

a) Numbers
b) Letters

Capitalizing and Punctuating Inside Parentheses

When a parenthetical phrase or sentence interrupts the middle of a sentence, do not capitalize the first letter inside the parentheses unless, of course, the word is a proper noun or proper adjective.
Example: We saw Roseate Spoonbills (they have an

exquisite pink color) on our trip to Texas.

The first letter in a parenthetical question or exclamation is always capitalized.
Salah: We saw Brown Pelicans (have you ever seen

one?) along the shore there.

Benar: We saw Brown Pelicans (Have you ever seen

one?) along the shore there.

A parenthetical sentence that goes between two sentences of text uses both an initial capital letter and an end mark (period, question mark, or exclamation point) inside the parentheses.
Salah: We took a trip to Texas. (it is a big state)!

There we saw many Brown Pelicans.

Benar: We took a trip to Texas. (It is a big state!)

There we saw many Brown Pelicans.

In a sentence containing a parenthetical expression, any punctuation belonging to the main sentence goes outside the parentheses.
Salah: It was a real heat wave (five days over 100°!)
Benar: It was a real heat wave (five days over 100°)!
Benar: We saw Jerry, Ed (Tom's brother), and

Julius there last night.

---

HYPHENS(TANDA HUBUNG)

---

A hyphen is a short horizontal line used within words. (The longer dash is used between words.)
Hyphens are used in a variety of situations.

Numbers Written Out Using Hyphens

Use a hyphen between the tens and units number when writing out the numbers twenty-one to ninety-nine in words. Just like that!
Do not use hyphens for other numbers.
Salah: Two-hundred-fifty-six
Benar: Two hundred fifty-six

(Hyphen between tens and units only)

Use a hyphen between the numerator and denominator when a fraction is written out in words and the fraction is an adjective.
Salah: Two-thirds of the Senate overrode the veto.

(Here two thirds is a noun, not an adjective.)

Benar: Two thirds of the Senate overrode the veto.
Salah: A two thirds majority overrode the veto.

(Here two thirds is an adjective modifying majority.)

Benar: A two-thirds majority overrode the veto.

Hyphenated Prefixes and Suffixes

Use a hyphen after a prefix followed by a proper noun or proper adjective.
Examples: mid-June pre-Columbian Afro-American

Use a hyphen in words beginning with the prefixes all-, ex- (meaning "former"), and self- and in words ending with the suffix -elect.
Salah: selfpropelled ex-treme

(Prefix self- needs hyphen. The prefix in extreme does not mean "former.")

Benar: all-knowing ex-wife self-propelled

mayor-elect extreme exacting

Hyphenated Compound Words

Hyphens are used internally in some compound words to separate the words forming the compound word.
Examples: merry-go-round editor-in-chief

When unsure of the hyphenation of such words, check a dictionary. Usage may vary. As some words are more widely used, the hyphen in dropped. For example, in the early 1800's the word blackbird was usually spelled black-bird. Now the hyphen has been dropped.

Hyphens connect the words of a compound modifier that comes before the word being modified. Hyphens are not used this way with compound parts ending in -ly or made up of proper nouns or proper adjectives.
Salah: He is a well respected man.
Benar: He is a well-respected man.

(A compound modifier before the noun.)

Salah: That man is well-respected.
Benar: That man is well respected.

(The modifier follows the noun, no hyphen.)

Salah: That was a badly-punctuated sentence.
Benar: That was a badly punctuated sentence.

(Modifier ends in -ly, no hyphen.)

Salah: The South-American rain forest is home to

hundreds of species of hummingbirds.

Benar: The South American rain forest is home to

hundreds of species of hummingbirds.
(Modifier is proper, no hyphen.)

Some authorities recognize the use of a hyphenated compound adjective following the verb to be, especially if necessary for clarity.

Hyphens in Words for Clarity

Hyphens within a word can make some words clearer.
They are frequently used with prefixes ending with the same vowel as the root begins with to show pronunciation or emphasize meaning. They are also frequently used to distinguish between words.
Examples: co-op (instead of coop, also prefix ending with

same vowel as root beginning)
re-elect (prefix ending with same vowel as root beginning)
Re-form the clay pot (instead of reform, which has a different meaning)
Re-sign a contract (instead of resign, which could mean nearly the opposite.)

Sometimes words may be combined mistakenly. A hyphen can help the reader understand what is meant.
Salah: The guard captured five foot soldiers.

(Is it five-foot soldiers, or five foot-soldiers?)

Benar: The guard captured five foot-soldiers.

According to author Vince Emery, a message posted on the Internet almost started a "flame war" because it said, "I resent your message." It was supposed to say, " I re-sent your message."

Dividing Words at End of Line

Hyphens are used to divide words at the end of a line when the word cannot fit on the remainder of the line.
It is best not to divide a word this way. If necessary for considerations of space or format, there are seven rules to follow.

1. Divide the word between syllables. This means, of course, that one- syllable words are never divided.
Salah: Salah: Benar:

sp- su- sup-

orts pport port

2. The hyphen goes at the end of the first line.
Salah: Benar:

sup sup-

-port port

3. Prefixes and suffixes make natural divisions.
Salah: Benar:

in- inter-

ternational national
(The prefix is inter.)

4. There should be at least two letters plus the hyphen on the first line and three letters on the second.
Salah: Salah: Benar:

e- supposed- sup-

lect ly possedly

5. Do not divide proper nouns or proper adjectives.
Salah: Benar:

Wash- Washington

ington

6. Divide hyphenated word using the hyphen already in the word.
Salah: Benar:

moth- mother-

er-in-law in-law

7. Do not divide a word at the end of a line if the parts of the word will be on two separate pages. This is hard for the reader to follow.

---

APOSTHROPES (KOMA DI ATAS)

---

The apostrophe is generally used with the letter s to indicate possession. It is also used in various ways to show letters have been left out of a word.

Apostrophes Showing Possession

An apostrophe is normally used with the letter s to show ownership or possession.
With most singular nouns, simply add an apostrophe plus the letter s to do this.
An apostrophe plus s is never added to make a noun plural--even a proper noun.
Salah: This is Joans jacket.

(Possessive form needs the apostrophe)

Benar: This is Joan's jacket.
Salah: He ate four hot dog's at the picnic.

(Not possessive; use no apostrophe to make a noun plural.)

Benar: He ate four hot dogs at the picnic.
Salah: We saw the Smith's at the picnic.

(Not possessive; use no apostrophe to make a name plural.)

Benar: We saw the Smiths at the picnic.

If the singular noun ends with an s, add apostrophe s if the extra syllable is pronounced. If the extra syllable is not pronounced (or if it otherwise looks confusing to add apostrophe s), simply add an apostrophe.
Examples: the dress's hem

(Added syllable is pronounced.)
Lloyd Bridges' son
(Added syllable is not pronounced.)

Some authorities always add an apostrophe only to any word ending with s, regardless of its pronunciation. This is acceptable. Whichever standard you follow, be consistent.
Example: the dress' hem

(Word ends in s, pronunciation does not matter.)

Plural Possessives

To make most nouns plural, add an -s or -es. The -es is added to words that end in an s or z sound.
Do not use an apostrophe.
Examples: lands dresses taxes quizzes
Salah: Twenty dog's were in the pack.
Benar: Twenty dogs were in the pack.

To make a plural noun possessive, simply add an apostrophe to the word. If the plural does not end in an s, then add an apostrophe plus s.
Examples: The girls' dresses

(The dresses belonging to the girls.)
The Wilsons' house
(The Wilsons live in the house.)
The men's room
(Plural does not end in s.)

Apostrophes with Possessives of More than One Owner

To show that more than one person share the same item together, make only the last owner in the series possessive.
Examples: Ken and Larry's ice cream

(They share the same ice cream.)
John and Mary's pet cats
(They share the same cats.)

To show that there are similar items which are owned individually by different owners, make each owner in the series possessive.
Example: John's and Mary's pet cats.

(They each have their own pet cat or cats.)

Apostrophes with Pronouns

To make a possessive of an indefinite pronoun, add an apostrophe plus s, just as you would for a noun.
Examples: somebody's child

another's idea

Personal pronouns, including it, do not have any apostrophes for their possessives.
Salah: her's their's your's
Benar: his hers its ours yours theirs whose

If it helps, remember that his takes no apostrophe. Neither do any of the other forms.
The words it's and who's do exist, but they are contractions. It's means it is or it has; who's means who is or who has.

Apostrophes with Italicized or Underlined Items

Letters, numbers, symbols, and words used as themselves are italicized or underlined. See Underlining or Italicizing Items that Name Themselves for more on this.

When these items are made plural, the plural is shown by adding apostrophe s to the underlined or italicized item. The apostrophe and s are not italicized or underlined.

Acronyms are also made plural by adding apostrophe s. Some authorities do not recognize this rule.

These two instances are the only times in English when adding an apostrophe plus s makes something plural.
Examples: Don't forget to dot your i's.

(Letter as a letter)
His 7's look like 2's.
(Number as number)
His &'s look like 8's.
(Symbol as symbol)
I find the thee's and thou's in older
writing hard to follow.
(Words as words)
He bought two new CD's.

Apostrophes with Verb Contractions

Apostrophes generally show missing letters in contractions.
In most formal writing such contractions should be avoided.
The most common contractions involve verbs in five situations.

1. Verbs with not contracted, or shortened.
Examples: aren't don't isn't wasn't can't weren't

weren't wouldn't doesn't hasn't haven't couldn't

Note: The word won't is a contraction of will not. The word shan't for shall not is seldom used in the United States. The word ain't is considered nonstandard.

2. Pronouns with will.
Examples: I'll you'll he'll she'll they'll
Note: In conversation the word will is often slurred and may show up in dialogue as 'll after most nouns, e.g., "John'll come home soon."

3. Pronouns and nouns with the verb to be.
Examples: I'm you're who's (i.e., who is)

he's she's it's we're they're

Note: In conversation the word is is often contracted with nouns, e.g. "Martha's here." See also Other Contractions.

Please note four confusing contractions:

who's it's you're they're

Remember, the apostrophe indicates that letters have been left out.

who's = who is or who has you're = you are
it's = it is or it has they're = they are

The possessive of who is whose.
Benar: Who's coming with me? (Contraction)
Benar: Whose book is this? (Possessive)

4. Pronouns with the verb to have.
Examples: I've he's you've we've they've

(Note that the 's could stand for is or has.)
See below for the contractions with had.

Note: Sometimes the word have is slurred, especially after verbs like would, could, and should. In dialogue this can be shown as 've, but never as of.
Salah: We would of like to have gone.
Benar: We would've liked to have gone.

(To show contraction in speaking)

Benar: We would have liked to have gone.

(In more formal writing)

5. Pronouns with would or had contracted.
Examples: I'd he'd she'd you'd we'd they'd

I'd better go. (I had better go.)
He'd want to go. (He would want to go.)

In everyday conversation the word would is often slurred and may be shown as 'd following a noun in dialogue, e.g. "John'd be upset if he found out."

Apostrophes with Other Contractions

When writing about years, insert an apostrophe where numbers are dropped.
Examples: The winter of '65 the '96 Olympics

In a few words and some names, o', d', l', and t' indicate abbreviated forms of the or of in various languages.
Examples: o'clock L'Enfant Plaza P.J. O'Rourke

Sometimes to show pronunciation in dialogue, the word is contracted to show missing letters. Avoid this in formal writing except in quotations, even when the contraction is a more accurate representation.
Examples: C'mon for "come on"

L'il Abner for "Little Abner"
fo'c's'le or fo'csle for "forecastle"
gun'le for "gunwale"

Even though forecastle sounds like "folks'll," and gunwale rhymes with "funnel," these words should not be contracted except in dialogue.

---

BRAKETS (TANDA KURUNG KURAWAL)

---

Brackets, or crotchets, are always used in pairs to mark off material inserted into a quotation which is not part of the original quotation. The use of brackets should be limited, but may include short references, short definitions, a short piece of information which clarifies the quotation, or an editorial comment.

The Latin word sic, which means "thus" or "so," is often put into brackets to indicate a misspelling or some other misuse of language in the original quotation.

Brackets are also used in dictionaries, glossaries, and word lists to show word origins and etymologies.

Brackets may be used to show parenthetical information for material already inside parentheses.

Editorial insertion:

Then Ceres asked: Tell me, heavenly bow,
If Venus or her son [Cupid], as thou dost know,
Do now attend the queen.
(Clarifies the meaning)

Misspelling in original quotation:

"Mi dere Jo I hope u r qwrite [sic] well."

Word origin:

Brackets [L.]
(The word brackets comes from Latin.)

Parentheses within parentheses:

(Charles Dickens [1812-1870] had been trained as a stenographer.)